英语科普

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现代人的历史可追溯到约20万年前

Human Fossils Dated to 195,000 Years

摘要：

对化石的深入分析使现代人的历史可以追溯到19.5万年以前。

Researchers determined that the specimens are around 195,000 years old.

对化石的深入分析使现代人的历史可以追溯到19.5万年以前。通过对1967年于非洲埃塞俄比亚出土的人类骨骼化石进行新一轮的分析研究，科学家日前确定，这些化石的历史比先前认为的还要早大约6.5万年。这一结论说明，现代人类的化石记录可以追溯到大约20万年以前。

据美联社1月16日报道，科学家们认为，这些化石大约有19.5万年的历史，比人们以前推测的还要早6.5万年。遗传学研究曾推测，智人（即现代人）应起源于大约20万年以前，而这项新的研究结果恰好与遗传学研究结果相一致。

这些智人遗骨化石是于1967年在埃塞俄比亚的奥莫河（omo）四周被发掘出来的。出土的包括一些头骨和躯干骨的化石残片。当时，科学家将这些化石称为现代智人（Homo sapiens）化石，并将其历史暂定为13万年。

日前，美国纽约Stony Brook大学的约翰·弗利格尔和他的同事通过考察化石出土地点，并利用更先进的时间测定仪器分析当地的地质结构和岩石标本，他们发现这些化石应该具有19.5万年的历史。（其中答应有5000 年的误差）

科学家认为，重新修订的时间使“现代人起源于非洲”这一理论更具说服力。日期的提前让这些早期现代人有更充足的时间发展他们的文化属性，使他们从非洲大陆分散到亚欧各地。报道说，在此之前，被认为是最古老的智人遗骨化石是由美国科学家1997年在埃塞俄比亚发现的，该化石的历史约为16万年。

一个多世纪以来，智人的起源是人类进化研究中根本性的重大问题。许多科学家认为，智人与人类更原始的祖先一样，发源于非洲。但也有科学家提出，智人是在世界不同地区分别发展起来的。（王高山）

A new analysis of bones unearthed nearly 40 years ago in Ethiopia has pushed the fossil record of modern humans back to nearly 200,000 years ago perhaps close to the dawn of the species.

Researchers determined that the specimens are around 195,000 years old. Previously, the oldest known fossils of Homo sapiens were Ethiopian skulls dated to about 160,000 years ago.

Genetic studies estimate that Homo sapiens arose about 200,000 years ago, so the new research brings the fossil record more in line with that, said John Fleagle of Stony Brook University in New York, an author of the study.

The fossils were found in 1967 near the Omo River in southwestern Ethiopia. One location yielded Omo I, which includes part of a skull plus skeletal bones. Another site produced Omo II, which has more of a skull but no skeletal bones. Neither specimen has a complete face.

Although Omo II shows more primitive characteristics than Omo I, scientists called both specimens Homo sapiens and assigned a tentative age of 130,000 years.

Now, after visiting the discovery sites, analyzing their geology and testing rock samples with more modern dating techniques, Fleagle and colleagues report in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature that both specimens are 195,000 years old, give or take 5,000 years.

Fleagle said the more primitive traits of Omo II may mean the two specimens came from different but overlapping Homo sapiens populations, or that they just represent natural variation within a single population.

To find the age of the skulls, the researchers determined that volcanic rock lying just below the sediment that contained the fossils was about 196,000 years old. They then found evidence that the fossil-bearing sediment was deposited soon after that time.

Paul Renne, director of the Berkeley Geochronology Center, which specializes in dating rocks, said the researchers made "a reasonably good argument" to support their dating of the fossils.

"It's more likely than not," he said, calling the work "very exciting and important."

　科普 教育 对我国小康社会、和谐社会的建设有着重要的意义。下面是我带来的英语科普类 文章 ，欢迎阅读!

　 英语科普类文章1

　听点小音乐 轻松学分数

　Stuck on a tricky math problem? Start clapping. Grade school kids who learned about fractions through a rhythm-and-music-based curriculum outperformed their peers in traditional math classes. The work is inEducational Studies in Mathematics.

　被一条数学题难住了?拍拍手试试吧。研究表明，小学生在有节奏感的音乐背景下学习分数知识的效果会好于传统课堂(具体研究发表在《数学教育研究》上的《学术性音乐：如何用音乐辅助三年级小学生学习基础分数》一文，作者：苏珊?科瑞等)。

　Fractions let you divide up a measure of music into notes of varying length. For example, one four-beat measure could contain a single whole note held for all four beats, two half notes of two beats apiece, four quarter notes of a beat each, and so on. In the Academic Music program, based on the Kodaly method of musical education, students clap, drum and chant to memorize the lengths of musical notes?then solve problems in which fractional notes must add up to a full measure of music.

　根据分数的概念，一节音乐可分成长短不一的几串音符。例如，一节四拍子的调子可包含一个代表四拍子的全音符，两个各代表一个二拍子的二分音符，四个各代表一个一拍子的四分音符?以此类推。在?学术性音乐?项目中，研究人员以科达伊的音乐教育 方法 为基础，让学生通过打拍子、敲鼓、合唱记住各音符的长度，学生必须把这些片段加起来，才能得到一节完整的音乐?如此实践可解决学生对分数的疑惑。

　Sixty-seven students participated in the study. Half did math problems using the Academic Music system. And after six weeks, the students in the music program averaged 50 percent higher on tests than did the kids in regular math class. Fractions create a solid foundation for further math education?so mastering them is music to educators' ears.

　有67名学生作为实验对象参与了本次研究，其中有一半在?学术性音乐?体系下解决数学问题。六周后，他们在测试中的得分要比普通班级中的学生平均高50%。分数是进一步进行数学知识教学的基础?如此看来，这还多亏了教育者的耳朵。

　 英语科普类文章3

　十万年前的颜料工作室

　Archeologists have discovered a paint production studio in an ancient South African cave A new archaeological find may signify one of the great leaps in human cultural and cognitive history. Because researchers have discovered a 100,000-year-old art studio. It was known that ochre?rock with red or yellow pigments?was used for paint even that far back in history. But there was scant evidence for how it was prepared and handled. Then, in 2008, researchers uncovered an ochre mixing kit in a South African cave. They found two abalone shells, most likely used for paint mixing and storage. They also found ochre, bone, charcoal, grindstones and hammerstones. The researchers say the ochre was probably rubbed on quartzite slabs to create a fine powder. It was then mixed and heated with other crushed substances, including other stones or mammal-bone. Microscopic striations on the inner abalone surface likely are likely scrape marks left during paint mixing. The research was published in the journal Science. The paint may have been used for body adornment or for long-gone artwork. And the presence of this paint-production laboratory indicates that the early humans knew basic chemistry and could plan for the future.

　考古学家在南非的一个古老洞穴中发现了一个油漆制作工作室。这个新的考古发现可能是人类 文化 和认知历史的最伟大的跨越之一。因为研究人员发现的这个工作室产生于十万年前。众所周知，拥有红色或**色素的赭石岩一直被广泛运用于绘画中，但却少有证据显示它是如何制作并运用的。2008年，研究人员 在南非的山洞中发现了赭石混合工具， 两个可能用于调漆和储存的鲍鱼壳，除此之外他们还发现了赭石，骨头，炭笔和石锤。研究人员称，这些赭石很有可能经过在石英岩板上仔细研磨后，得到上等的粉末，然后再与 其他石头或者是哺乳动物的粉末混合并加热。用显微镜观察鲍鱼壳的内表面，你可以发现一些刮痕，这些都有可能是在混合颜料的过程中留下来的。这个发现已经被刊登在科学期刊上。这些颜料可能一直被运用在人体 彩绘 和长久失传的艺术品上。而且这些颜料制作工作室的存在表明了早期人类对化学已有了基本的了解并具有了规划未来的能力。颜料工具的一小步，人类历史的一大步?辛西亚莫。

　 英语科普类文章3

　你知道发烧的妙处吗?

　Fever can play a variety of roles, such as inhibiting pathogen replication. It also apparently increases the population of killer T cells of the immune system. Christopher Intagliata reports.

　发烧有多种不同的作用，如抑制病菌复制。它还可以显著增加免疫系统中杀伤性T细胞的数量。

　I've always thought that when I get a fever, it's my body trying to make things uncomfortable for the invading pathogen. And that's often true?higher temperatures can inhibit the bad guys' ability to replicate. But my fever may actually be a one-two-punch. In addition to slowing down the invader, the heat helps the immune system recruit more troops for a counter-attack. That finding appears in the Journal of Leukocyte Biology.

　我很早就知道，发烧的时候，其实是我的身体正在对入侵的病原体做出抵抗。这是事实---高温可以抑制坏病菌复制的能力。但发烧更是一个组合打击。除了减缓病原体的入侵，高温可以帮助免疫系统召集更多的部队做出抵抗。这一研究发表在《白细胞生物学杂志》。

　Researchers warmed up one group of mice to body temperatures of about 103 degrees Fahrenheit. They left another group at normal core temperature?about the same as ours. Then they injected both groups of mice with an antigen, a substance that attracts the attention of the immune system.

　研究人员将一组老鼠的体温升高到103华氏度，另外一组保持正常体温---大约是人体温度。然后向这两组老鼠的体内注射抗原?一种会引起免疫系统反应的物质。

　Blood samples taken three days later revealed that the feverish mice had nearly twice as many killer T-cells: the kind of immune cells that can hunt down infected cells or tumor cells, and slaughter them.

　三天后，这两组老鼠的血样表明，体温较高老鼠组体内的杀伤性T细胞是正常组的2倍，这种免疫细胞可以追踪感染细胞或癌细胞，并将其消灭。

　So when you're sick and you get the chills, the authors say, your body may be trying to tell you to hop under some blankets. Lie down, warm up and send a message. The heat is on.

　所以，当你生病或感到寒冷时，表示你的身体正直向你传达信息--裹条毯子。躺在床上吧，热起来，身体自会做出反应。热度来袭啊。

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